January 13
Pope Honorius II grants a papal sanction to the military order known as the Knights Templar, declaring it to be an army of God. – 1128.
January 14
The theologian, musician, philosopher, and Nobel Prize-winning physician Albert Schweitzer is born on this day in 1875 in Upper-Alsace, Germany, now Haut-Rhin, France. – 1875.
U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Presidential Proclamation No. 2537, which requires aliens from World War II-enemy countries, Italy, Germany, and Japan, to register with the United States Department of Justice. The full-scale internment of Japanese Americans began the following month. – 1942.
Pennsylvania Superior Court rules bosses can fire workers for being gay. – 1995.
January 15
The Pentagon, to this day the largest office building in the world, is dedicated just 16 months after groundbreaking. At times of peak employment 13,000 workers labored on the project – 1943.
Ilse Koch, wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, is sentenced to life imprisonment in a court in West Germany. Ilse Koch was nicknamed the “Witch of Buchenwald” for her extraordinary sadism. Ilse was given free reign in the camp, whipped prisoners with her riding crop when she rode by on her horse, forced prisoners to have sex with her, and, most horrifying, collected lampshades, book covers, and gloves made from the skin of tattooed camp prisoners. – 1951.
January 16
The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” is ratified on this day in 1919 and becomes the law of the land. – 1919.
On this day, Adolf Hitler takes to his underground bunker, where he remains for 105 days until he reportedly commits suicide. – 1945.
Faced with an army mutiny and violent demonstrations against his rule, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the leader of Iran since 1941, is forced to flee the country. Fourteen days later, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of the Islamic revolution, returned after 15 years of exile and took control of Iran. – 1979.
At midnight in Iraq, the United Nations deadline for the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait expires, and the Pentagon prepares to commence offensive operations to forcibly eject Iraq from its five-month occupation of its oil-rich neighbor. All evening, aircraft from the U.S.-led military coalition pounded targets in and around Baghdad as the world watched the events transpire in television footage transmitted live by way of satellite from Baghdad and elsewhere. – 1991.
January 17
On the Hawaiian Islands, a group of American sugar planters under Sanford Ballard Dole overthrows Queen Liliuokalani, the Hawaiian monarch, and establishes a new provincial government with Dole as president. The coup occurred with the foreknowledge of John L. Stevens, the U.S. minister to Hawaii, and 300 U.S. Marines from the U.S. cruiser Boston were called to Hawaii, allegedly to protect American lives. – 1893.
In his farewell address to the Nation, U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower warns the American people to keep a careful eye on what he calls the military-industrial complex that has developed in the post-World War II years. – 1961.
An earthquake rocks Los Angeles, Calif. and kills 54 persons and causes $20 billion in damages. The Northridge quake, named after the San Fernando Valley community near the epicenter, was one of the most damaging in U.S. history. – 1994.
January 18
For the first time since joining the World Court in 1946, the United States walks out of a case. The case that caused the dramatic walkout concerned U.S. paramilitary activities against the Nicaraguan government. – 1985.
January 19
Heavy fog in the North Sea causes the collision of two steamers and the death of 357 persons. – 1883.
Some 3,000 members of the Filipino Federation of Labor strike the plantations of Oahu, Hawaii. Their ranks swell to 8,300 when they are joined by members of the Japanese Federation of Labor. – 1920.
Following the death of Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi becomes head of the Congress Party and thus prime minister of India. She was India’s first female head of government and by the time of her assassination in 1984 was one of its most controversial. – 1966.